The users guide
to prescription drugs
and supplements
Finding the right
medication is important
Let RateADrug help.
Evaluate your current medication
Compare conventional and alternative therapies
Get information without drug company bias
Follow Us
On Twitter,
Click here
Sign In
Create Account
PreMed PREP
FAQs
About Us
Contact Us
|
Compare Treatments
|
Evaluate Your Treatment
|
Symptom Feedback
|
Drugs A to Z
|
Supplements A to Z
|
More Tools
Celebrity Health
Health Tips
Bizarre Treatments
Medical Tourism
Health Tips for Depression
Health Tips for Hypertension
Health Tips for Respiratory Illnesses
Health Tips for Low Libido
Search for a Treatment
Find Treatments by Condition
Acid Reflux & Heartburn
Acne
Addison's des
Alcoholism
Allergic Reaction
Allergies
Alopecia Areata
Altitude Sickness / Mountain Sickness
Alzheimer's
Amblyopia
Anemia
Anesthetic Reversal
Anesthetics
Angina (Chest Pain)
Angioedema
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Anti-Aging & Cell Health
Anti-Inflammatory
Antioxidant
Anxiety
Apotic Dermatitis
Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat)
Arteriosclerosis
Arthritis
Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Astigmatism
Atherosclerosis & Arterial Disease
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Autism
Autoimmune Urticaria
Bacterial Infection
Bacterial Infections
Barratt osophergous
Benign Tumors / Cysts
Bipolar Disorder / Manic-Depression
Birth Control
Bladder Disorder
Bleeding disorder
Brain Trauma
Breast Cancer
Bronchitis
Burn Injury
Cancer
Celiac Disease
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Circulation
Cirrhosis of the liver
Cold
Cold
Constipation
Crohn's Disease
Cushing's Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Depression
Dermatomyositis
Detoxification
Diabetes Type 1
Diabetes Type 2
Diarrhea & Bowel Disorder
Digestive Aids
Displasia
Drug Addiction
Ear Infection
Eating Disorder
Eczema
Edema
Enlarged Prostate (BHP)
Epilepsy
Epilepsy, Seizure & Spasm
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Eye & Vision Problem
Fever
Fibromyalgia
Flu
Fungal Infection
Gastrius
Gastrointestinal & Stomach Problem
Gastroparesis
Gingivitis
Glaucoma
Gliomas
Gout
Hair Loss / Thinning
Harth pain
Hashimoto's Hypothyroidism
Hay Fever
Headache
Heart Attack
Heart Disease
Hemorrhage (Blood Loss)
Hemorrhoids
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Herpes
High blood pressure
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
High Cholesterol
HIV / AIDS
Hormone Imbalance
Hperkemia
Hughes syndrome
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Huntington's Disease
Hyperparathyroid hypercalcemia
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Immune System Support
Incontinence
Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Insonmia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Joint Support
Kidney Disorder
Labor & Childbirth
Leprosy
Lichan planus
Lichen sclerosus
Liver Disorder
Lou Gehrig's Disease
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)
Lung Cancer
Lung Disease
Lupus
Malaria
Male Enhancement
Mcardle's Disease
Medicine / Fluid Absorption
Meniere's disease
Meniere's Disease & Vertigo
Meningitis
Menopause
Mental Health
Microscopic colitis
Migraine
Mild splenomegaly
Motion Sickness
Mouth & Gum Disorder
MRSA
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Muscle Building
Muscle Sprains & Strains
Muscle Strength
Muscular Dystrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
Narcolepsy
Nausea
Nerve Damage
Neuralgia
Nutrient Deficiency
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis & Bone Disease
Ovarian Cysts
Pain Relief
Pancreatic Cancer
Parasites
Parkinson
Parkinsons
Parkinson's Disease
Perioral parasthesia
Pneumonia
Poison & Overdose
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) & Menstruation
Prostate Cancer
Protrusion of the disc
Psoriasis
Raynaud's Disease
Reproductive Health & Fertility
Respiratory Tract Infection
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rickets
Rosacea
Sarcoidosis
Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders
Scleroderma
Severe headache
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI)
Shojrens syndrome
Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)
Sjogren's Syndrome / Dry Mouth
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Skin Disorder
Skin Rash
Smoking Cessation
Social Anxiety Disorder
Staphylococcal Infections
Stress
Stroke
Surgical Recovery
Swellinghands
Swine Flu (H1N1)
Syringomyeli
Tay-Sachs Disease
Thrombosis (Blood Clot)
Transplant Rejection & Recovery
Trauma Recovery
Tuberculosis
Ulcer
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative proctitus
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urticarial vaculitis
Vasculitis
Vomiting
Warts
Weight Loss & Metabolism
Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW)
Wrinkles
Yeast & Vaginal Infection
Browse by name:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Aa-Ab
|
Ac
|
Ad-Ak
|
Al
|
Am
|
An-Ap
|
Aq-Ar
|
As-Az
Ba-Bd
|
Be-Bh
|
Bi-Bo
|
Bp-Br
|
Bs-Bz
Ca
|
Cb-Ce
|
Cf-Ch
|
Ci
|
Cj-Cl
|
Cm-Co
|
Cp-Cz
Da-Dd
|
De
|
Df-Di
|
Dj-Do
|
Dp-Dz
Ea-El
|
Em-Ep
|
Eq-Es
|
Et
|
Eu-Ez
Fa-Fd
|
Fe-Fh
|
Fi-Fk
|
Fl
|
Fm-Ft
|
Fu-Fz
Ha-He
|
Hf-Hz
Ia-Il
|
Im-In
|
Io-Ip
|
Iq-Iz
La-Ld
|
Le
|
Lf-Ln
|
Lo
|
Lp-Lz
Ma-Md
|
Me-Meo
|
Mep-Mes
|
Met
|
Meu-Mi
|
Mj-Mo
|
Mp-Mz
Na
|
Nb-Nh
|
Ni
|
Nj-Nz
Oa-Op
|
Oq-Ow
|
Ox-Oz
Pa
|
Pb-Pe
|
Pf-Ph
|
Pi
|
Pj-Pr
|
Ps-Pz
Ra-Rd
|
Re
|
Rf-Rz
Sa-Sd
|
Se-Sh
|
Si
|
Sj-So
|
Sp-Sub
|
Suc-Sul
|
Sum-Sz
Ta-Td
|
Te
|
Tf-Th
|
Ti
|
Tj-Tq
|
Tra-Tri
|
Trj-Tz
Finding the right medication is important - RateADrug can help
Get drug and supplement information...
Evaluate your current medications to see how you are doing...
Compare treatments and options
Get feedback on your symptoms from others...
Find helpful user tips on hundreds of topics...
Be better informed.
Are you taking ?
Yes
|
No
Get Help
Evaluate Your Treatment
Treatment Information
Compare Treatments
Symptom Feedback
Health Tips
User Comments
Treatment Information
Description
|
Uses & Side Effects
|
Warnings
There is no brand desctiption
There is currently no information to display in this section. RateADrug provides information about drugs and supplements though a wiki format provided by researchers, health care providers and others. We encourage you to add to this description by clicking on the button below.
There is currently no information to display in this section. RateADrug provides information about drugs and supplements though a wiki format provided by researchers, health care providers and others. We encourage you to add to this description by clicking on the button below.
Thank you for contribution; We will review your submission and post content after approval.
View / Add User Comments
Suggest changes to this description
Close
You can suggest changes to the above desctiption.
Your Email Address
Enter your Email
Enter Valid Email
-Enter your suggestion
What drug or supplement are you looking for?
Is your medication putting you at risk?
Find out in under 5 minutes
Identify possible side effects
Compare treatment options
Track changes in effectiveness ratings
Start here:
Find the best treatment for
your condition.
Explore traditional and alternative therapies
available to you
See how each treatment has been rated by
other users
To get started, select your condition
--Select One--
Acid Reflux & Heartburn
Acne
Addison's des
Alcoholism
Allergic Reaction
Allergies
Alopecia Areata
Altitude Sickness / Mountain Sickness
Alzheimer's
Amblyopia
Anemia
Anesthetic Reversal
Anesthetics
Angina (Chest Pain)
Angioedema
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Anti-Aging & Cell Health
Anti-Inflammatory
Antioxidant
Anxiety
Apotic Dermatitis
Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat)
Arteriosclerosis
Arthritis
Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Astigmatism
Atherosclerosis & Arterial Disease
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Autism
Autoimmune Urticaria
Bacterial Infection
Bacterial Infections
Barratt osophergous
Benign Tumors / Cysts
Bipolar Disorder / Manic-Depression
Birth Control
Bladder Disorder
Bleeding disorder
Brain Trauma
Breast Cancer
Bronchitis
Burn Injury
Cancer
Celiac Disease
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Circulation
Cirrhosis of the liver
Cold
Cold
Constipation
Crohn's Disease
Cushing's Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Depression
Dermatomyositis
Detoxification
Diabetes Type 1
Diabetes Type 2
Diarrhea & Bowel Disorder
Digestive Aids
Displasia
Drug Addiction
Ear Infection
Eating Disorder
Eczema
Edema
Enlarged Prostate (BHP)
Epilepsy
Epilepsy, Seizure & Spasm
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Eye & Vision Problem
Fever
Fibromyalgia
Flu
Fungal Infection
Gastrius
Gastrointestinal & Stomach Problem
Gastroparesis
Gingivitis
Glaucoma
Gliomas
Gout
Hair Loss / Thinning
Harth pain
Hashimoto's Hypothyroidism
Hay Fever
Headache
Heart Attack
Heart Disease
Hemorrhage (Blood Loss)
Hemorrhoids
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Herpes
High blood pressure
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
High Cholesterol
HIV / AIDS
Hormone Imbalance
Hperkemia
Hughes syndrome
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Huntington's Disease
Hyperparathyroid hypercalcemia
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Immune System Support
Incontinence
Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Insonmia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Joint Support
Kidney Disorder
Labor & Childbirth
Leprosy
Lichan planus
Lichen sclerosus
Liver Disorder
Lou Gehrig's Disease
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)
Lung Cancer
Lung Disease
Lupus
Malaria
Male Enhancement
Mcardle's Disease
Medicine / Fluid Absorption
Meniere's disease
Meniere's Disease & Vertigo
Meningitis
Menopause
Mental Health
Microscopic colitis
Migraine
Mild splenomegaly
Motion Sickness
Mouth & Gum Disorder
MRSA
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Muscle Building
Muscle Sprains & Strains
Muscle Strength
Muscular Dystrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
Narcolepsy
Nausea
Nerve Damage
Neuralgia
Nutrient Deficiency
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis & Bone Disease
Ovarian Cysts
Pain Relief
Pancreatic Cancer
Parasites
Parkinson
Parkinsons
Parkinson's Disease
Perioral parasthesia
Pneumonia
Poison & Overdose
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) & Menstruation
Prostate Cancer
Protrusion of the disc
Psoriasis
Raynaud's Disease
Reproductive Health & Fertility
Respiratory Tract Infection
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rickets
Rosacea
Sarcoidosis
Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders
Scleroderma
Severe headache
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI)
Shojrens syndrome
Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)
Sjogren's Syndrome / Dry Mouth
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Skin Disorder
Skin Rash
Smoking Cessation
Social Anxiety Disorder
Staphylococcal Infections
Stress
Stroke
Surgical Recovery
Swellinghands
Swine Flu (H1N1)
Syringomyeli
Tay-Sachs Disease
Thrombosis (Blood Clot)
Transplant Rejection & Recovery
Trauma Recovery
Tuberculosis
Ulcer
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative proctitus
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urticarial vaculitis
Vasculitis
Vomiting
Warts
Weight Loss & Metabolism
Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW)
Wrinkles
Yeast & Vaginal Infection
Get feedback on your symptoms or
ask a medical question.
Can You Help? See Requests for Feedback
Try adding more purple to your diet!
Purple foods such as concord grapes, blueberries, plums, pomegranates, acai berries, red wine, and even eggplants are very high in antioxidants. Purple foods have been shown to protect your heart and vision, promote mental focus, and increase longevity. Research has indicated that purple foods may even be used to prevent or cure cancer.
- Mark
Share your favorite health tip
View more health tips
Comments
View / Add User Comments
View complaints against doctors and businesses for free
See complaints near:
Exclusive Features
New
Celebrity Health Stories
Medical Tourism Saves A Bundle
Bizarre Treatments That Save Lives
Health Tips for Hypertension
Health Tips for Depression
Health Tips for Respiratory Illnesses
Health Tips for Low Libido
Famous People with Crohn's Disease
Shannon Doherty
Chris Conley
Mike McCready
SmallShannon Doherty PRN-026582.jpg
Shannon Doherty
She revealed to Star magazine that she struggles with Crohn's disease
SmallSaveconley.jpg
Chris Conley
Conley was diagnosed with Crohn’s Disease as a teenager, and hid it for years.
SmallMike McCready TAL-000778.jpg
Mike McCready
He'd been diagnosed with the chronic condition 20 years earlier, he said, suffering severe abdominal pain and debilitating attacks of diarrhea.
RateADrug.com
- Where users identify, review and compare
over 8000 prescription drugs and alternative treatments
RateADrug users evaluate their treatments and compare real-world safety and effectiveness data on prescription drugs and alternative therapies.
Recent RateADrug.com User Comments
Concerta
User Ratings:
6.6
Effectiveness
6.5
Side Effects
6.9
Holistic Benefits
Its really weird because i swear it makes my neurodermatitis break out really bad when im on it. and after a few days of taking it i start losing the energy and feel fatigued and worn out and my head doesnt feel right
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
NuvaRing
User Ratings:
6.8
Effectiveness
5.1
Side Effects
5.9
Holistic Benefits
I have a brown mark accross my forehead ever since I have taken the nuvaring 4 years ago - it gets worse with suntan. It is similar to "the mask of pregnancy". I also have the brown line on my abdomen from my belly button down - similar to that you get when pregnant. Both of these side effects are mild but I do not notice anyone posting these side effects.
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Carbimazole
User Ratings:
2.9
Effectiveness
6.2
Side Effects
3.9
Holistic Benefits
Carbimazole is a new drug for me. I am diabetic and it has dropped my iinsulin level slightly. I feel emotionally low. No positive effects yet.
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Vyvanse
User Ratings:
6.4
Effectiveness
6.7
Side Effects
7.2
Holistic Benefits
I recently started Vyvanse1 tab daily 20 mg.about 1 month ago white female 37 on no current meds. other than tylenol as needed for pain here and there.Sexual desire is through the roof with my patner and the orgasms are very intense none that i have ever experienced.My anxiety level did decrease prior to the strong sexual desire.So i cannot contribute the decreased anxiety to sexual practice.
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Allegra D 12 Hr
User Ratings:
5.5
Effectiveness
2.8
Side Effects
5
Holistic Benefits
Do not take around bed time and you will be fine.
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Lansoprazole
User Ratings:
3
Effectiveness
4.1
Side Effects
5.2
Holistic Benefits
Lansoprazole is the best prescription stomach drug I've tried so far. IT WORKS!
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Isosorbide Mononitrate
User Ratings:
9
Effectiveness
3.7
Side Effects
6.4
Holistic Benefits
This drug really has helped change my blood pressure for the better.
Rate it
View / Add Comments
View User Ratings
Sign Up
to receive regular survey results on chosen medications
Apply
for the Pre-med Student
PREP Initiative
Our Guarantee:
Your personal information, including email address, will never be shared, solicited or used for any purpose other than to send the reports you have specifically requested. We publish only statistical information and user comments.
Famous People By Condition
(see how they coped)
--Select One--
Arthur Ashe - HIV / AIDS
Barack Obama - Smoking Cessation
Bret Michaels - Diabetes
Brian Litrell - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Brittany Murphy - Heart Disease
Brittany Murphy - Diabetes
Brittany Murphy - Eating Disorder
Brittany Murphy - Drug Addiction
Bruce Paltrow - Cancer
Bruce Wasserstein - Heart Disease
Catherine Zeta Jones - Smoking Cessation
Charlton Heston - Alzheimer's
Charlton Heston - Cancer
Charlton Heston - Cancer
Chris Conley - Crohn's Disease
Christina Applegate - Breast Cancer
Christina Applegate - Cancer
Clayton (Clay) Walker - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Dave Prowse - Joint Support
Dave Prowse - Cancer
Dennis Hopper - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Diane Keaton - Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Dr. Sanjay Gupta - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Drew Barrymore - Drug Addiction
Drew Barrymore - Anxiety
Drew Barrymore - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Eazy-E - HIV / AIDS
Edie Falco - Breast Cancer
Edie Falco - Cancer
Edward James Olmos - Diabetes
Elton John - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Elton John - Eating Disorder
Elton John - Drug Addiction
Elvis Presley - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Elvis Presley - Weight Loss & Metabolism
Elvis Presley - Drug Addiction
Eminem - Drug Addiction
Eminem - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Eva Perón - Cancer
Farrah Fawcett - Cancer
Frank McCourt - Cancer
Freddie Mercury - HIV / AIDS
Gia Carangi - HIV / AIDS
Greg Louganis - HIV / AIDS
Gwyneth Paltrow - Smoking Cessation
Halle Berry - Diabetes
Heath Ledger - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Howie Mandel - Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Isaac Asimov - HIV / AIDS
Jackie Joyner-Kersee - Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Jacqueline du Pré - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Jade Goody - Cancer
James Coburn - Heart Disease
James Coburn - Joint Support
Jim Carrey - Depression
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy - Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Jon Stewart - Smoking Cessation
Kathleen Turner - Joint Support
Kylie Minogue - Cancer
Kylie Minogue - Breast Cancer
Larry King - Depression
Larry King - Smoking Cessation
Larry King - Heart Disease
LeAnn Rimes - Psoriasis
LeBron James - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Liberace - HIV / AIDS
Lindsay Lohan - Asthma & Breathing Difficulty
Lucille Ball - Joint Support
Lynn Redgrave - Cancer
Lynn Redgrave - Eating Disorder
Magic Johnson - HIV / AIDS
Marilyn Manson - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Marilyn Monroe - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Marilyn Monroe - Reproductive Health & Fertility
Marilyn Monroe - Drug Addiction
Mary Kate Olsen - Eating Disorder
Mary Kate Olsen - Depression
Michael Douglas - Smoking Cessation
Michael Douglas - Cancer
Michael Jackson - Heart Disease
Michael Jackson - Insomnia & Sleeping Disorder
Michael Jackson - Lupus
Mike McCready - Crohn's Disease
Montel Williams - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Muhammad Ali - Parkinson's Disease
Nick Jonas - Diabetes
Olivia Newton-John - Cancer
Olivia Newton-John - Breast Cancer
Owen Wilson - Depression
Owen Wilson - Drug Addiction
Patrick Swayze - Cancer
Paul Allen - Cancer
Rachel Maddow - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Randy Jackson - Diabetes
Rock Hudson - HIV / AIDS
Ronald Reagan - Alzheimer's
Seal - Lupus
Shannon Doherty - Crohn's Disease
Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal - Joint Support
Sheryl Crow - Depression
Steve Jobs - Cancer
Tamia Hill - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Teri Garr - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Teri Hatcher - Swine Flu (H1N1)
Tiger Woods - Benign Tumors / Cysts
Tommy Morrison - HIV / AIDS
Tygert "Ty" Pennington - Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Most Frequently Rated Medications
Losartan Potassium
Tylenol
Moringa Oleifera
Citalopram Hydrob...
Etizolam
Advil
Olmetec
Agomelatine
Ibuprofen
Cipralex
Flucloxacillin
Gokshura
Solpadol
Umcka
Lomofen
Lercanidipine
Zyflamend
Minipress XL
Betahistine
Lymecycline
Azo Yeast
Lipanthyl
Moxonidine
Flecainide Acetate
Hetrazan
Reclipsen (28)
Carbimazole
Ramipril
Gabapentin
Three-leaf Caper
Lipitor
Corenza-C
Banslochan
Mononessa (28)
Shankhapushpi
Causticum
Theramine
Huanarpo Macho
Tamsulosin Hydroc...
Mucinex DM
Dosulepin Hydroch...
Emergen-C
Metamizole
Lysteda
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Tri-Regol
Candex
Prosvent
Shatavari
VESIcare
Aspirin
Ajwain
Yaz
Sulphatriad
Nuvigil
Vivelle-Dot
Amoxicillin
Junel FE
Calcarea carbonica
Loestrin
Cryselle
Excedrin Extra-St...
Pristiq
Lisinopril
Nora-BE
Paracetamol
Yin Chiao
Vicodin
Gardasil Human Pa...
Cymbalta
Aleve
Centrum Multivitamin
Gees Linctus
Carcinosin
Benadryl
Low-Ogestrel
Avena Sativa
Claritin
Seretide
Synthroid
Fluimucil
Esipram
Amisulpride
Urtica Urens
Adderall
Niaspan
Saphris
Decutan
Psorinum
Zoloft
Evaluate Your Medication
Compare Treatment Options
Get Symptom Feedback
View Health Tips
For Your Health
Celebrity Health
Learn how your favorite celebrities cope with illnesses
Medical Tourism
Save money with medical procedures over seas
Bizarre Treatments
What are the weirdest treatments in the world? Find out.
Hypertension
Health tips for high blood pressure
Depression
Health tips for depression
Respiratory Illness
Tips for healthy respiration
Birth Control
Birth control methods reviewed
Affiliates
click here
Directory of Sponsored Services
Health begins with Knowledge. Visit our sponsors on your journey to a healthier, happier life.
Patient Resources
Legal / Regulatory Notices
Health Practitioners
Wellness Products
Clinical Trials / Research
Lifestyle
Medication Name:
© 2009 RateADrug.com All rights reserved.